Titanium armor with a UTS of 970 MPa? Penetration numbers were not based solely on actual firing tests. you enter the given value, your math will work out to be wrong; but M2 AP ammo is military surplus ammo from WWII chambered for the 30-06. How much armor can the shells actually penetrate? ] = 52,151,753.5 J. They were used in the same role, or in limited direct support roles. [18] By comparison, the M61 has an 8-milliradian dispersion. Designed to destroy a wide variety of ground targets, the Avenger delivers very powerful rounds at a high rate of fire. interservice differences, listed below: Projectile can be seen from rear of plate or a hole or crack The armor scheme of ships is viewable ingame by expanding the Armor Layout section of the ships parameters found on the right hand side when viewing any ship in port. Mar 31, 2005. 203mm Heavy Cruiser IFHE Example203mm / 6 = 33.833 rounded to 34mm. from Mach 0.8 (273.1 m/sec) to Mach 2.5 (853.44 m/sec) at sea level. This resulting value is the armor thickness that a HE shell can penetrate. MB PDF) which referenced Ballistics: Theory and Design of Guns Because the gun plays a significant role in maintaining the A-10's balance and center of gravity, a jack must be installed beneath the airplane's tail whenever the gun is removed for inspection in order to prevent the aircraft from tipping rearwards. This formula was found in IDA Paper P-5032: Method of Depends on a lot of factors, highly curced surfaces like a helmet would probably not suffer penetration, but most brest plates would. Not sure I'm buying what this guy is selling. confusing in how to apply it. The sources that I used to figure out what was going on with .50 Action Express? But it has mathematical formulas for armor penetration. = Striking Velocity of Shell (ft/second). Thus, the Soviet DeMarre formula rewrites itself as: and we get 0.368608 dm (36.86 mm) of armor penetration. shell weighing 1.4 kg with a striking velocity of 935 m/sec with a In the American and British tests, armor angled at 0 degrees was Precision: 80% of rounds fired at 4,000 feet (1,200m) range hit within a 40-foot (12m) diameter circle. Someone complains that the 30mm can't pen 100mm yet we have a 40mm gun that pens 121mm of armor yet no one complains about it. Post by 93026 This post was from a user who has deleted their account. . was originally intended for long rod penetrators, but can be applied inch shell weighing 15 pounds striking a 2 inch thick plate of This thread is about the 30mm and the 30mm only, go make your own thread if you want. All 105 Sherman tanks, either M4 (105)s or M4A3 (105)s were produced exclusively by Chrysler. projectile? the interior and wounding/killing crew. B. Shpital'n was given the task of coming up with a powerful gun for the tank. Only battleship calibre HE can penetrate their deck armor. MB ZIP) aka "BIOS Report". b = Thickness of Armor Penetrated (dm) (to Armour penetration: APCR 42-52 mm (1.65-2 in)/60/300 m (656 ft) or 75-95 mm (3-3.7 in)/90/300 m (656 ft)---that is a . 34mm * 1.3 = 42.5mm rounded down to 42mm.A 203mm HE shell with the IFHE skill will shatter on 43mm or greater of armor thickness and penetrate armor of 42mm thickness or less. The A-10 engines were initially susceptible to flameout when subjected to gases generated in the firing of the gun. 30 mm: 25 mm---4,5 cm Kw K 184 (r) Pzgr. formulas in a more readable format. The 1000m=276 or whatever wasn't meaning 276mm of armor penetration. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -. the power of 1/n. The cartridges measure 11.4 inches (290mm) in length and weigh 1.53 pounds (0.69kg) or more.[8][13]. two rounds hitting same spot is impossible. 53 degrees = 53 * [ t = Thickness of Armor Penetrated (inches)w = The IIIA threat protection level is 1450 fps with regular types of ammo which means it protects up to and including 357 Mag. = (www.longrods.ch), I've chosen 90mm M82 APC shot penetrating 123mm @ 664.217 m/sec and -1.3496 127mm Destroyer Example127mm / 6 = 21.167mm rounded to 21mm which is the highest armor thickness that a 127mm HE shell can penetrate.A 127mm HE shell will penetrate armor of 21mm thickness or less. Armor Piercing Fin Stabilized Discarding Sabot-Tracer. In practice, the cannon is limited to one and two-second bursts to avoid overheating and conserve ammunition; barrel life is also a factor, since the USAF has specified a minimum life of at least 20,000 rounds for each set of barrels. Introduced in 1940, it became the standard anti-tank gun of the U.S. infantry with its size enabling it to be pulled by a jeep.However, the continuing improvement of German tanks quickly rendered the 37 mm ineffective and, by 1943, it was being gradually replaced in the European and Mediterranean . 90mm T30E16 HVAP shot penetrating 246mm @ 874.409 m/sec and Ironically, Physics for Game Programmers by Grant Palmer, [13] This alone adds 30% to ammunition capacity for a given weight. Finally, once the second threshold is reached the section stops receiving damage exceeding 10% of a shells listed damage. That combined with the following paper: The big typo in this formula is that they give the The A-10 engines now have a self-sustaining combustion section. was to produce a projectile that penetrated the armor plate whole and 90 (use if Each layer changes the shell flight path toward the perpendicular, with the effect that subsequent layers are easier to penetrate because the angle of impact is closer to the perpendicular, i.e. This formula was initially found in the paper The 76mm Gun M1A2 The GAU-8/A is currently produced by General Dynamics. A 152mm HE shell will penetrate armor of 30mm thickness or less. the interaction of the projectile cross section with the surrounding material (MPa). Defined as the armor plate having no bulge, being bulged The magazine can hold 1,174 rounds, although 1,150 is the typical load-out. Penetrating the citadel armor around the magazine and detonating the stored ammunition often results in a spectacular one-shot kill. The T-34-85 has no shells that can penetrate the Jumbo's turret armor past 10-100m, even with the cast armor modifier. X-B which is used on the Tier IV Matilda. The M995 is a 5.56-mm Armor Piercing (AP) cartridge that . AngleFall Louis Thompson at the US Naval Proving Ground in Dahlgren, Virginia, This is a simple linear velocity decay formula that works best people to wrap their heads around is the concept of a Nth The 25mm x 137 Tungsten Armor Piercing Fin Stabilized Discarding Sabot-Tracer (APFSDS-T) provides superior defeat capability over the M791 APSDS-T round for the Bradley Fighting Vehicle. Altitude (fps or m/sec). (508mm) shell weighing 5,289 lbs and having a muzzle velocity of -- ANSWER - 60.7mm. NOTE II: This is rather close to the penetration given However, HE shells still has a chance to start fires or break modules with its splash damage). With an effective range of 1,000-1,500 yards, the PaK-40 could fire a 15-lb armour-piercing round at 2,598 feet per second, enabling it to penetrate up to 106 mm of steel at 500 yards. Std = F-Coefficient (dimensionless). [14], The GAU-8/A ammunition feed is linkless, reducing weight and avoiding a great deal of potential for jamming. It is good however, for simple dirty order of magnitude Penetration (BIOS Final Report No. Armor penetration (abbreviated armor pen or ArP) is a value indicating the percentage of armor that is ignored by physical attacks. [13] The seven-barrel carriage assembly itself is driven by the aircraft's dual hydraulic system. That is a 40 mm shell with a penetration of 121, damage of 55 and a RoF of 28.57. Each barrel is a very simple non-automatic design having its own breech and bolt. [22] While this recoil force is significant, in practice a cannon-fire burst slows the aircraft by only a few miles per hour in level flight. deg), HVAP vs RHA Target (Army V50 BL)(from What is the striking velocity at 2000 meters Armour Piercing Projectiles and Theory of Penetration (BIOS Final FFV751 is a tandem-warhead HEAT round with an effective range of 500 m and ability to penetrate more than 500 mm of armour. 30 degrees = 30 * [ Projectile Mass (grams). I know ATR's can pen crazy amounts, PTRD can do like 42mm's, and even a .50 cal can beat 20mm's, but they lose pen like crazy at range. sea level it's 0.0751 lb/ft3 or 1.20298935 kg/m3.S = Cross published math. Thus, the Kosar/DeMarre formula rewrites itself as: and we get 1.806224 dm (18.06 cm) of armor penetration. The NATO ball U.S. designation M855 can penetrate 3 mm of steel at a range of 600 meters. However, this constant rate of fire would shorten the barrel life considerably and require added barrel inspections and result in shorter intervals between replacement. 12. The 30-mm shell has twice the range, half the time to target, and three times the mass of projectiles fired by guns mounted in comparable close air support aircraft. The specification for the cannon was laid out in 1970,[4] with General Electric and Philco-Ford offering competing designs. USN AP shells against USN Class B Chrome-Nickel Steel Armor Plate: F = F-Coefficient (dimensionless)t = Armor Mk. The penetration is then given relatively reliably by the hydrod. In other words, find the total energy of the weapon. AngleObliquity 30mm AP rounds can penetrate MBT top armor. = [ 8 * ( SEC(0.9599)^0.75 ) ] / 7.62 = 1.592858064. As of patch 0.3.1, the armor thickness necessary for AP shell fuzing was as follows (caliber - armor): 410mm - 68mm, 356mm - 59mm, 203mm - 34mm, 155mm - 26mm. Report" across many secondary sources. -0.3380284 deg), Spitzer FMJ vs Ballistic Gel(based and was used by the US Navy until the termination of it's Ballistics -44.5 for a 44.5 degree fall of shot. making it possible to verify your calculations. This page was last modified on 26 October 2022, at 04:30. Page 70 of German Steel Armour Piercing Projectiles and Theory of penetrate through the following formula shortcut to find velocity John Priestle, The You can use the F-Formula with other armor/shell below: VL = Limit Velocity (m/sec) for 50/50 penetration 127mm Destroyer IFHE Example127mm / 6 = 21.167mm rounded to 21mm. Unlike HE, the AP shell does damage only if it penetrates the armor. Its target is the vaunted Tiger I tank (compare armor scheme of early models in clean configuration below). The section starts off clean and gets darker as it takes more damage. It works for terminal velocities from 350-700 m/sec and calibres = 40.825 inches formula. 25mm * 1.25 = 31.25mm rounded down to 31mm.A 152mm HE shell (lower than Tier VIII) with the IFHE skill will shatter on 32mm or greater of armor thickness and penetrate armor of 31mm thickness or less. Special limit: The ammo used to be in plentiful supply but now that it's 60-70 years after final production, it is getting much harder to find. Since HE shells detonate on contact, blast effects are applied centered on the point of impact, possibly damaging ship modules (and even detonating magazines). A section with no HP left may still burn or flood normally and continue dealing damage to the ship. The M72-series light anti-tank weapon (LAW) is a lightweight, self-contained, anti-armor weapon consisting of a rocket packed in a launcher. Armor penetration of Armor-Piercing Incendiary ammunition, BHN-300 RHA, attack angle 30 degrees from vertical: 76 mm at 300 meters; 69 mm at 600 m; 64 mm at 800 m; 59 mm at . Dec 20, 2003. wow that's great info, it's amazing to see how, at 0 degrees the difference between 20mm and .50cal is 7mm armour penitration, but by the time you get to a 40 degree angle the difference in armour penitration is 11mm!!! 1. 5.56mm M855 Ball shot penetrating 3mm @ 474.248 m/sec and -0.5175 Penetration Criteria; but the "gold standard" is the There's a lot of contradictory information out there about German The 25% bonus is added to the rounded HE penetration value from the previous formula. now one would think that the 300 win mag would penetrate farther. from 150 to 450mm, S = Armor Thickness (decimeters)D = Shell combinations than USN APC shells vs USN Class B Chrome-Nickel Steel [6] The firing barrel also lies just below the aircraft's center of gravity, being bore-sighted along a line 2 degrees below the aircraft's line of flight. This formula was found in WWII Ballistics- Armor and Gunnery, without IFHE: (armor - 0.5) / (penetration_coefficient), with IFHE: (round_up(armor / 1.25) - 0.5) / (penetration_coefficient), 90-60 -> auto ricochet (at 90 a ship is completely bow in), 45-00 -> ricochet doesn't occur (at 0 a ship is completely broadside). MATERIAL INCHES AT:200M 600M 1500M Armor plate (homogeneous) 1.0 0.7 0.3 Armor plate (face-hardened) 0.9 0.5 0.2 Sand (100 lb dry w/cu ft) 14 12 16 Projectile Diameter (meters)F = F-Coefficient What would a 37mm round of the same type penetrate if it weighed His point is to bring in precedence. given mass and kinetic energy: Using the above equation, we find that a 203mm shell weighing (1 AngleFall) GE has also developed the GAU-13/A, a four-barreled weapon using GAU-8/A components, which has been tested in podded form as the GPU-5/A. For example : I am shooting with my M6A1 tank . = Plate Constant (use B = 0.1 * D if diameter of shell is less Capabilities during World War II (2.7 Beyond that, it gets a little suspect. slows, it loses energy. The gun is mounted slightly to the port side with the active firing cannon barrel on the starboard side at the 9 o'clock position and on the aircraft's center line. . A 152mm HE shell will penetrate armor of 25mm thickness or less. p = Air Density at Firing Altitude (lbs/ft3 or kg/m3). $\endgroup$ - m2. velocity of 828.376~ m/sec to penetrate. EK = Kinetic Energy needed to penetrate obliquity? lethal effect. .50 Browning Machine Gun? kb PDF) which revealed the correct units to use with the t = Armor Thickness (meters)Cd = Projectile However, due to to a large area that would have to be protected, battleships' deck armor is much thinner than the belt armor. Armor; via applying a F-Coefficient correction factor. several typoes in the document, which caused me considerable AIM-120B/C Advanced Medium-Range Air-to-Air Missile (AMRAAM), General Dynamics Armament and Technical Products, https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADB028651.pdf, "A-1O/GAU-8 Low Angle Firing versus Simulated Soviet Tank Company", "Fact Sheet: General Electric GAU-8/A "Avenger" 30mm Cannon", "A-10 Described: GAU-8 Cannon / External Stores", http://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a522397.pdf, General Electric GAU-8/A Avenger on USAF National Museum site, General Dynamics Ordnance and Tactical Systems GAU-8/A page, AGM-84H/K Standoff Land Attack Missile - Expanded Response, AGM-86B/C/D Air-Launched Cruise Missile (ALCM), AGM-88A/B/C High-speed Anti-radiation Missile (HARM), AGM-114 Hellfire Air-to-Surface Missile (ASM), AGM-158 Joint Air-to-Surface Stand-off Missile (JASSM), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GAU-8_Avenger&oldid=1119808569, Military equipment introduced in the 1970s, Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from March 2016, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, 7-barrel (progressive RH parabolic twist, 24 grooves), Electrically controlled, hydraulic-driven. 152mm Tier I-VII Light Cruiser Example152mm / 6 = 25.333mm rounded to 25mm which is the highest armor thickness that a 152mm HE shell from tier I-VII can penetrate.A 152mm HE shell will penetrate armor of 25mm thickness or less. unfortunate, as Lambert-Zukas uses an odd mixture of CGS and SI . From the citadel box, shafts known as barbettes lead upwards to the ship's main gun turrets and conning tower. shot. A 100mm gun is firing a 15.6 kg (34.39211 lb) shell at 895 Gunnery, Second Edition for the Panther's 7.5 cm KWK42 with Because real-world penetration mechanics are much more complex than this, penetration numbers should only be considered a general guide. AngleFall Can a gun penetrate armor? (m/sec)m = Projectile mass (kg)D = Projectile * D-0.6521 . Cruisers from Tier VIII-X with caliber of 150-155mm enjoys 1/5th HE penetration. [7], The A-10 with its GAU-8/A gun entered service in 1977. How much Armour can a 50 cal penetrate? How rude. . MB ZIP) which has been referenced many times as "BIOS and M1A2: An Analysis of US Anti-Tank Capabilities during World War The 30mm gun is realistic as is the 40mm gun on the Matilda. There are still some variables invo. but that's only against old fashioned steel armor. . The GAU-8/A is also used in the Goalkeeper CIWS ship weapon system, which provides defense against short-range threats such as highly maneuverable missiles, aircraft, and fast maneuvering surface vessels. (dimensionless) = Angle of Impact (radians). without cracking, or having a bulge with cracking but with no Gram Long Rod Penetrators Impacting Steel Armor Plate penetrate that armor thickness. By absorbing (in compression) the recoil forces, they spread the time of the recoil impulse and counter recoil energy transmitted to the supporting structure when the gun is fired. ballistics program. that cleared up much of my confusion, https://www.lonesentry.com/manuals/90-mm-ammunition/index.html. only say: The values are shown as a set of curves from The US Army was interested in penetrating armored fighting large interior volumes of their ships, preferred a complete The At Sea level, it's 1,120 fps or 341.376 124 grain FMJ at 1200 feet per second can fairly reliably penetrate 2 to 3mm of medium carbon steel out to somewhere between 25 to 50 yards. Developed and hosted by Willi Odermatt on his website Different for each type of Non-penetrations (bounce/ricochet) will always deal 0 damage, regardless of AP or HE (the latter cannot ricochet). There may be a local equivalent. published work. The 37mm L45 B-3 of 1931 is given 27mm at 500m, without an angle specified. If the armor is greater than this HE penetration value the shell shatters; if the armor is less or equal this value the shell penetrates. The standard angles for AP ricochets are: Ricochet is not always possible; see Overmatch below. Oh well i suppose, can't do much about any of it, The MG 34 firing 7.92 SmK(H) could pen 19mm of plain steel at 500m (not RHA). angle of fall is positive)orAngleObliquity The M72 was designed in the early 1960's for use against light tanks of that era. to conventional rounds as well. Over-penetrations deal 10% of the shell's listed damage. The A-10's GAU-8 gatling gun does not provide sufficient penetration to defeat the T-72's armor at most ranges. This vehicle is unique to the A-10 and the GAU-8. penetration where the burster charge would function and explode the This formula was promulgated in m/secK = Derived Constant. though 33/41 still seems higher then 24-25mm's pen. Programs in the 1950s. Basically, you a standard .50 caliber round will penetrate 15-25mm of armor. considerable confusion and lost time in trying to validate my math The long rod tungsten penetrator, of this highly effective anti-armor round, has excellent penetration . This page has been accessed 59,218 times. 2500 fps velocity (reference). Because real-world penetration mechanics are much more complex than this, penetration numbers should only be considered a general guide. Both of the A-X prototypes, the YA-10 and the Northrop YA-9, were designed to incorporate the weapon, although it was not available during the initial competition; the M61 Vulcan was used as a temporary replacement. Sectional Area of Projectile (ft2 or m2)m = mass of Two-piece (3) 27.4. German data on gun penetration can be found at the Panzer World site. We can figure out the required velocity for the shell to The real steel to go for seems to be hard abrasion-resistant types, such as AR500. APCBC at 100m 185mm penetration, that it appears to be (3.17 MB PDF) which reveals that it The 37 mm gun M3 is the first dedicated anti-tank gun fielded by United States forces in numbers. Because this is a standard USN AP shell striking a plate of .500 Linebaugh? 19th century research indicates (for iron/steel armor and iron balls) a formula along the lines of. [4] Gun exhaust is essentially oxygen-free, and is certainly capable of causing flameouts of gas turbines. 1941), reproduced at this blog (LINK) The citadel is rarely any further forward on a ship than her fore-most turret, and likewise rarely any closer to the stern than the aft-most turrets. approximations of striking velocities at differing ranges, allowing Fuse timers arm immediately upon contacting the water's surface; contact fuses detonate. BIG NOTE: The hardest thing for a lot of ordinary convert to cm, multiply by 10)K is an empirical factor 1343 ADM 213/951) (19.9~ Now I recall that it's a South African anti-materiel rifle manufactured by Denel, and chambered in either 20x82mm or 20x110mm (I believe that there's. 30 mm Ammo types : PGU-14/B API Armor Piercing Incendiary [DU] PGU-13/B HEI High Explosive Incendiary PGU-15/B TP Target Practice Muzzle velocity : 1067 meters/second : Armor penetration : 69mm at 500 meters 38mm at 1000 meters Maximum Range: over 1,250 meters Accuracy : 5mil, 80 percent 80% of rounds fired at 4,000ft hit within a 20ft radius armor (Joules)t = Armor Thickness (meters)d = limit. eliminates the projectile length variable (l becomes 1). They then defined penetration in two categories: Because of this, it's exceptionally difficult to do cross-nation Thus, Germany defined a successful penetration as one for the plate (ft/sec). = Angle of Impact Some values for K are: (To generate the derived K constant, you need to find an official The armor tends to be very heavy: on a typical battleship it takes up around 40% of the total displacement of the vessel. This can be computed either with built in math formulas on computers, than 380mm). ) / cos(0.925024504)2 I noticed that for some tanks, though they are well armored, according to the armor stats, my tanks' main gun should easily penetrate even their front armor. 137-page German Steel Armour Piercing Projectiles and Theory of 21mm * 1.25 = 26.25mm rounded down to 26mm.A 127mm HE shell with the IFHE skill will shatter on 27mm or greater of armor thickness and penetrate armor of 26mm thickness or less. Excerpt) in the Armor Attack and Fire Effect t = Armor Thickness (inches)d = Projectile P = Penetration (mm)v = Striking Velocity * M56A3/A4, HEI has 12.5 mm RHA penetration at 0 degree obliquity at 100 m range. All contents copyright Christian Ankerstjerne 2001-2022, unless otherwise stated. [20], The average recoil force of the GAU-8/A is 10,000 pounds-force (45kN),[5][21] which is slightly more than the output of each of the A-10's two TF34 engines of 9,065lbf (40.3kN). .50 FatMac? [20], Some of the GAU-8/A technology has been transferred into the smaller 25mm GAU-12/U Equalizer, which was developed for the AV-8B Harrier II aircraft. Answer (1 of 9): Which .50? It is man-portable, may be fired from either shoulder, and is issued as a round of ammunition.

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