Wind Turbine power can be determined by using, (1) P w t = 1 2 c p A v w 3. 1.3 Indian Wind Power Projects of 75 MW and above [8], Basically Wind turbines are classified in two main types. Before the actual commissioning of the Wind Farm on site, a wide range of analysis has to be carried in terms of simulation. Most wind turbines in the world use a so-called three phase asynchronous (cage wound) generator, also called an induction generator to generate alternating current. Here the rotor slots are given a slight skew to reduce the magnetic locking and magnetic hum [9]. Our squirrel-cage induction generators are durable, reliable, and easy to maintain. Overall the paper presents a complete performance comparison of WECS based on DFIG and SCIG for large Power ratings. The rising demand of electricity and the environmental concern in the recent past necessities the need of renewable energy sources. 4.5 Real and Reactive Power analysis during Fault Conditions E*IXa_#oRTS5U35=~H#@J#mly~FE'^]WbUmfCE"S&{!QTGMxmpaq!~"0ju%XUMJ The squirrel cage induction generator (SCIG) is attached to the wind turbine by means of a gearbox. The wind turbine and the induction generator (WTIG) are shown below. The main Advantages of this type of generator involve: -, - Overall High efficiency 4.4 Short Circuit Analysis Description The wind turbine and the induction generator (WTIG) are shown below. Squirrel Cage Induction Motor We consider a three-phase squirrel cage induction motor. Suzlon has a share of more than 42% in the India market. Enter your email address to subscribe to this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. Resembles the Line to Line Voltage of the distribution and is the phase current. t%DqJdrmr`xs+9nKTQ\=9FD-#RJFN }bID6K0b$P.jok.5Ro_Mj%|BT~' This type of a Machine has gained a larger importance in the recent past. endstream endobj 21 0 obj<> endobj 22 0 obj<> endobj 23 0 obj<>stream - Harmonic issues related to Wind Farms In island operated applications, the squirrel cage induction generator has to be excited through external capacitors. 4.2 Load Flow Analysis This rotor is a cylinder of steel laminations, with highly . 4.7 Reactive Power Analysis Here the power is transferred inductively hence such machines are called as Induction Type Machines. of induction generators are available. Here the system model is developed in MATLAB/ Simpower and comparison is made of active power with respect to the wind speeds and the superiority of the SCIG is found at low and medium wind speeds. It employs two power converters to convey the power generated to grid, the wind generators and the grid can be totally isolated hence the system could function under varying frequency and thus remain unaffected. Retrieved from, Wind Power in Power Systems byThomas Ackermann, John Wiley and Sons Ltd, where. Today Tamil Nadu state of Southern India has the Largest Wind Capacity of 7455.2 MW as on 31st March 2015 [7]. The Comparative study carried amongst STATCOM, SVC and Fixed Capacitors presents a better stability result obtained by use of STATCOM compared to the other fixed devices. Fossil fuel generation systems can be located near the source . The basic description of HAWT is that it has blades which spin on their Horizontal Axis. The SCIG stator windings are connected to a back to back full power converter. 2.1 Literature Review The importance of Power quality and reliability of supply has led to awareness and successful implementation of these Grid Codes. - Losses in Power Converters. General System Scheme The wind turbine is the responsible for transforming wind power into kinetic energy. Several constructive variants (1/3-phase, low or medium voltage, horizontal or vertical, open-drip proof, etc.) Hn04q6DJV[=DB^{vk-{}5.67 N%+2[+xPV{oD!b>CZ@NVPn(ZzyGZ($yZ$zBo}CfKx6r[~~{d?OYQ,Y'# _ !19=S7iT5{ r!c7>Ro`b!r#gyir,&$1*, ydesg8R0GIQB yh5bJC"a;t?ZKJX yI `}gP/RpVe&K %cx2`LNm? The utilization of the squirrel-cage induction generator on wind power generation has some advantages rather than conventional synchronous generators. Please click on Allow all and continue to consent to our usage of cookies as described in the Cookie Notice in order to have the best possible experience on our websites. Simple, robust and compact, it is ranked as the most reliable type of electric generator, mainly due to the small number of components. The turbine speed is fixed (or nearly fixed) to the electrical grid frequency. Variable speed wind turbine using the squirrel cage induction generator with reduced converter power rating for stand-alone energy systems Abstract: This paper presents a new configuration for a wind energy conversion system (WECS) with variable speed, using a squirrel cage induction generator (SCIG) for stand-alone energy system applications. The Wind power development has grown considering the rise of Wind Turbines Installations On-Shore and Off-Shore both. The parameters which are governed generally include response to system faults, power factor limits, and Voltage variation limits, Harmonic Indices, frequency changes on the grid and interruptions during operations. The main Advantages of this type of Generator involve: -, - Its simple and ultimate rugged construction (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); The modern wind turbine was invented by Nikola Tesla and Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky in the late 19th century, the Squirrel Cage Induction Machine can be successfully used as generator in small scale hydro applications. You can also set your preferences or reject cookies (except for strictly necessary cookies). It is called a 'squirrel cage' motor because the rotor inside of it - known as a 'squirrel cage rotor' - looks like a squirrel cage. 4.3 Active Power at Various Wind Speeds The active power, reactive power, terminal voltage and rotor speed was demonstrated with respect to time in the graphical form. Today the installed wind capacity globally is more than 392,927MW at the end of June 2015 [1]. WRIN wounded rotor, with brushes and slip-rings; If connected to the national grid (DOL, Y/D or with soft starter) it imposes a cvasi-constant speed operated turbine, proper for constant head and flow sites. 5.1 Conclusion Le, F. Grimaccia, S. Leva, M. Mussetta, and R.E. This paper presents a simplified model of the induction generator which is driven by wind turbine and is connected to the grid. Out of these sources The Wind energy has proven to be significantly important and gaining more importance considering its capacity in power generation and research done in this sector. In this example the entire motor winding is represented. The various sources for Electricity Generation with its installed capacity in India are presented in the Table 1.1 below. "mC:z%@0$!1a)V``>f{>& 9xJSPe*CPUSA*^n=^K#^y#|O9>?UyE8O^c1l,GVca7N'"7*TUUmT_5P ;Nnwx6wf;x'0S| ].!x`_-va/qi.nWB The WTG (Wind Turbine Generator) considered was a Type 2 Variable speed SCIG of 2.1 MW assigned in ETAP. 4.1 Overview of the Wind Farm In this video, a discussion would be performed on Wind Turbine Generators, Synchronous Generators, Asynchronous Generator, Winding Connections, Squirrel-Cage Rotor and Inductance. 4.4.2 Single L-G fault It was found that SCIG has certain disturbances due to its inability to supply the reactive power. It consists of blades, A Synchronous Generator, Full power converter, Transformer and a dc capacitor. 2.4 Objectives, CHAPTER 3 4.6.1 Harmonic Analysis without Harmonic Filter The results obtained were compared with the theoretical values and were found to be the same. The HAWT type machines have the rotor shaft and the electrical generator placed on top of the tower and into the direction of the wind. Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines abbreviated as (HAWT). The author also presents the Power Quality issues related to the SCIG machines with frequency oscillations at the DC link Voltage and non-sinusoidal current Waveforms. The stator terminals are connected to the grid with the help of Converters, The Coupling Inductors are also provided to filter the high frequency ripples present due to frequent switching, a control strategy depending upon its best suitability is selected for its active and reactive power flow control [10]. Hence it was recommended that certain stability devices were to be used with SCIG. The bars are arranged in the slots and bolted to the end rings giving it a Squirrel Cage construction. In the paper Dynamic simulations of Wind Generators connected to distribution systems by Wellington Santos MOTA and Luciano Sales BARROS at the 18thInternational conference on Electricity distribution [15], the author has produced a methodology applied to a distribution system, where two type of generators were considered SCIG and the DFIG and the simulation curves were obtained with respect to wind speed, for both high wind speed and also for low wind speed simulation. Abstract: The paper deals with squirrel cage induction generator connected to the grid through a back-to-back converter, which is driven by vector control. Appendix I- Acronyms. The stator winding is connected directly to the grid and the rotor is driven by the wind turbine. - Good power factor and higher efficiency in normal running conditions. trailer Short Circuit analysis which is essential to determine the capability of the Wind Farm to recover from any abnormal conditions. The Renewable energy sources have gained major importance due to the depletion of the conventional fuels in the future. 1.1 Introduction to Wind Energy Scenario Moreover, there is drag issues associated when rotating into the wind. Along with the Voltage at POI and Voltage (per unit) with respect to time and the rated power, pitch angle and rotor speed, the same graphs are compared with using SVC and STATCOM. The substation includes 12 squirrel cage induction generator wind turbine, rated at 330, 500 and 550 KW. 0000000210 00000 n The conversion of Electrical energy into its Mechanical form usually occurs in the moving part of the Electrical Machine. It is always difficult to host the VAWT on the towers so they are always placed near the ground. Wind energy conversion systems (WECS) using squirrel cage induction generator (SCIG) are becoming popular nowadays [12] .Most modern wind turbines locate on land, but an. Grid codes generally specify the behavior of the system in normal operating condition and during disturbances. Today India ranks fourth with respect to the largest installed Wind Power Capacity in the World. Today in the industry most of the Machines which are used are Induction type, Induction Machines contribute to almost 90% of the machines in the industry only because of its features. The figure above shows the general scheme of the Squirrel Cage Induction Type Generator, the system consists of a Wind Turbine being coupled to the Generator through a gear box system. endstream endobj xref Description The wind turbine and the induction generator (WTIG) are shown below. The Double Output Induction Generator (DOIG) - so called because power is fed into the grid from the stator, as well as the rotor is described. Generally, there are two types of induction generators widely used in wind power systems - Squirrel-Cage Induction Generator (SCIG) and Doubly-Fed Induction Generator (DFIG). This configuration works up to 15 kW, at constant speed, thus external hydraulic or ballast load controllers have to be deployed. In this paper such a system is studied both by means of laboratory tests and by simulation. The tower height plays an important role as well ranging till or even more than 90m, this ensures higher wind speeds. 5) The System should operate in the desired permissible Voltage limits. The inputs are the instantaneous voltages at the three terminals. 1.1 World Wide Wind Capacity Till June 2015, 1.2 World Installed Wind Capacity Country Wise, 1.3 Wind Power Generation in India till January 2016, 2.1 Voltage Dip Wind Turbine should handle without Disconnection, 3.1 Induction Machine Schematic Representation, 4.9 Power Curve With respect to the Wind Speed, 4.10 Voltage at Bus 1during 3- Phase Short Circuit Fault, 4.11 Voltage at Bus 1during Single L-G Fault, 4.12 Real Power Analysis during Single L-G fault, 4.13 Reactive Power Analysis during Single L-G fault, 4.14 %THD in the Wind Farm at various Locations, 4.15 %THD at WTG1 in Network 1 without Harmonic Filter, 4.16 Harmonic Waveform for Bus 1, Bus 2, Bus 6 without Harmonic Filter, 4.17 Harmonic Spectrum at Bus 1, Bus 2, Bu 6 without Harmonic Filter, 4.18 %THD at various Locations in Wind Farm after Harmonic Filter implementation, 4.19 %THD at WTG 1 after Harmonic Filter implementation, 4.20 Harmonic Waveform for Bus 1, Bus 2, Bus 6 after Harmonic Filter Implementation, 4.21 Harmonic Spectrum for Bus 1, Bus 2, Bus 6 after Harmonic Filter Implementation, 4.22 Reactive Power Analysis without Capacitor bank, 4.23 Reactive Power Analysis with Capacitor bank, 1.1 Electricity Generation from various sources in India, 1.3 Indian Wind Power Projects of 75 MW and above, 2.2 Voltage Withstand limits for Wind Farms, 4.2 Power Co-efficient Considered during Modeling, 4.4 Power Output of the Wind Farm at various Wind Speeds, 4.5 Voltage recovery in 3- Phase Short Circuit fault after fault clearing, 4.6 Voltage Recovery in Single L-G fault after fault clearing, 4.7 %THD at Various Locations within the Wind Farm, 4.8 %THD at Various Location in Wind Farm after Filter Implementation, 4.9 Comparison result between the same SCIG and DFIG based Wind Farm, Abbildung in dieser Leseprobe nicht enthalten. The active power output at High Wind speeds, which is 8% more than the average wind speed, presents an increased Power Output. The generator is completely decoupled from the grid via the frequency converter and can be controlled over a wide speed range. Large Wind Farms have been set up to meet the energy demand globally. The distribution Voltage is represented by . The author presents the impact of connecting a 120 MW wind farm to the Transmission utility. The General Grid Code Requirements include-. The Wind Farm consisted of a total of 20 WTGs with a total capacity of 42 MW. Table.2.2 Voltage Withstand limits for Wind Farms. 1.3 Wind Power Generation in India till January 2016, Table. The wind turbine is responsible for transforming wind power into kinetic energy. The main purpose of forming the grid codes is governing the rising concern about Power Quality. Please use an up-to-date browser (e.g. Duong, K.H. In the paper Control and Dynamic Analysis of Grid connected variable speed SCIG based wind energy conversion systemby Manaullah, Arvind Kumar Sharma, Hemant Ahuja, G. Bhuvaneswari , at the 2012 Fourth International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Communication Networks [10]. Today India is dependent primarily on Coal for its electricity generation, which generates 61% of the total Generation followed by the Hydro Power and the Renewable energy sources which constitute 15% and 11% respectively. The 1st stage is of the Wind Farm which usually handles the Low Voltage side. It was found that the SCIG was used by less wind farms because of its lack of potential of controlling reactive power. The wind turbine generating system employs squirrel cage induction generator in which the stator windings are directly connected to the three phase grid and rotor windings are short circuited. The power and speed range are standardized, making the induction generator available as on-the-shelf component in the power range of up to several hundred kW. - The tower height (90m or more) ensures access to large wind speeds thus increasing the electrical power output, in general an increase in 10% Wind speed ensures almost 30% increase in electrical output. The SCIG is attached to the wind turbine by means of a gearbox. The major giants in the wind sector include The United Kingdom, Germany, Spain, France, Denmark, and The Netherlands in the continent of Europe. The blades are fixed at some distance away ahead of the tower and the blades are also inclined for optimum wind speed. The SCIG stator windings are connected to a full power converter (back to back). The modern techniques involve the use of wind sensors along with special purpose machines like the servo motors to move the turbine into the direction of the wind. The author presents a dynamic analysis of a grid connected variable speed SCIG based wind energy conversion system. 4.6 Harmonic Analysis Keywords: Squirrel-Cage Induction Generator, Design Steps, Generator Parameters, Ant Colony Optimization. So the Government of India is giving emphasis on the Renewable energy sources like the Wind and Solar, which was also strongly presented by India at the Paris Climate Summit held in December 2015. Here a simulation study is done to demonstrate the single line to ground fault, the effects of grid disturbances and varying wind speed on SCIGs performance is done. HypUOBVYBC2c ;#Tv$( 1.4.1 Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine 1.5.3 Doubly Fed Induction Generator, CHAPTER 2 Harmonic analysis to determine the Quality of power being delivered and the Harmonic Filter design to mitigate the Harmonic content if any in excess.Reactive Power analysis which is important considering the stability of the system and a suitable Capacitor design for reactive Power compensation. Squirrel Cage Induction Generator simulation result obtained is shown in Figure 3 and also Here the system consists of a combination of a Wind represented for individual network in Table 1. - Gear box requires frequent maintenance It was also demonstrated that pitch control mechanism was implemented during high wind speeds for safety precaution and limit the active power in its permissible limits. It is also capable of providing the reactive power to the grid which is its outstanding feature in the power flow. - Yaw mechanism is not needed The features of this type lie in the fact that the Generator and other components can be placed on the ground. The recent past has witnessed a rapid increase in the energy demand globally. More research has to be carried in this field to make it a dominant source for the rising energy demand. Description The wind turbine and the induction generator (WTIG) are shown below. Simple, robust and compact, it is ranked as the most reliable type of electric generator, mainly due to the small number of components. - Capable of giving Reactive Power to the Grid Although the maximum share of energy is met by the Thermal energy, the Coal reserves are limited and will deplete in the near future. As on 31st March 2015 the overall installed capacity of all the Power Plants in India was 267,637 MW [4]. It is a tethered wind turbine with a Balloon system, which has a simple controlling system, relatively higher efficiency, and low-cost technology. The graphical representation of real power, reactive power with respective to time is shown. 3379 ;UM^P`569GrS~y*OgB^KyW-||s_kB?b^@s@+m":3XIx10m|,{x!#|O^lpqq 0 g 1 0 obj<> endobj 2 0 obj<> endobj 3 0 obj<> endobj 4 0 obj<>stream The optimal power to be drawn out from the generator under varying range of wind speed is done by the Stator Side Converter. 1.2 World Installed Wind Capacity Country Wise [1]. It is mentioned that the features of the SCIG that is the construction, efficiency, ruggedness, operation under varying wind speeds makes it an outstanding machine for wind power generation. I. The Wind power generation depends mostly on the Wind speed, as the VAWT are nearer to the ground, the wind speed is lesser comparatively to an altitude nearer to 90m so the power generation is lesser. ET The currents in the windings are unknown. A negative slip results when the turbine shaft rotates faster than the electrical grid frequency, this generates real . The parameters of the motor are listed in Table 10.1. Appendix These parameters are monitored for Reactive Power compensation. startxref 4.5.1 Real Power Analysis during Single L-G fault 4) The frequency limits are to be maintained. - Minimum Maintenance A 3 phase squirrel cage induction motor is a type of three phase induction motor which functions based on the principle of electromagnetism. - Subjected to low wind speeds, There has been a vast research made in the field of Wind Turbine Generators in the past 20 to 25 years. BT Types of Wind Turbines Type 1 (WT1G1): Limited Variable Speed Squirrel-cage Induction Generator (SCIG) connected directly to the step up transformer. The power captured by the wind turbine is converted into electrical power by the induction generator and is transmitted to the grid by the stator winding. CHAPTER 1 The converter at the Grid side is used generally to keep up the Voltage at the dc link, to control the sending of active power to the grid and control of the reactive power flow [12]. The capacitor self-excited squirrel cage induction generator has emerged as a suitable candidate of isolated electrical power sources. 0000000120 00000 n The power captured by the wind turbine is converted into electrical power by the induction generator and is transmitted to the grid by the stator winding. 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