Matte, T. D., K. Lane, and K. Ito, 2016: Excess mortality attributable to extreme heat in New York City, 1997-2013. Chen, K., G. Gawarkiewicz, Y.-O. Pershing, A. J., M. A. Alexander, C. M. Hernandez, L. A. Kerr, A. Kossin, J. P., T. Hall, T. Knutson, K. E. Kunkel, R. J. Trapp, D. E. Waliser, and M. F. Wehner, 2017: Extreme Storms. Easterling, D. R., J. R. Arnold, T. Knutson, K. E. Kunkel, A. N. LeGrande, L. R. Leung, R. S. Vose, D. E. Waliser, and M. F. Wehner, 2017: Precipitation Change in the United States. New Jersey Climate Adaptation Alliance, New Brunswick, NJ, 34 pp. 24: Northwest, Box 24.7). Lieberman-Cribbin, W., B. Liu, S. Schneider, R. Schwartz, and E. Taioli, 2017: Self-reported and FEMA flood exposure assessment after Hurricane Sandy: Association with mental health outcomes. Some cities and towns are making substantial investments to reduce or eliminate the risks of combined sewer overflows (Figure 18.12). Rust2Green, 2017: Rust to Green New York Action Research Initiative [web site]. A. Weber, and M. D. Partridge, 2017: Rural-urban interdependence: A framework integrating regional, urban, and environmental economic insights. 2. Annual Inmigration, Outmigration, Net Migration and Movers from Abroad for Regions: 1981-2017. The ability to preserve this cultural heritage is challenged by climate change. Millions and likely tens of millions of Americans will move because of climate through the end of the century, Jesse Keenan, an associate professor of real estate at the Tulane School of Architecture, told Yahoo News. [1]Globally, sea level is projected to rise by 1 to 4 ft by the end of this century. Maize crop yields are projected to decline 24%, while wheat could potentially see growth of about 17%. Several former industrial hubs across the region whose infrastructure was originally built for larger populations, and were then partially vacated as manufacturing moved elsewhere, seem like natural destinations, so long as they arent located along the coast. EIA, U.S. Energy Mapping System. U.S. Department of Agriculture, . Rep. PNW-GTR-944. Many commercially important species are projected to move northward as the region's warming habitats become less suitable. Barbier, E. B., 2012: Progress and challenges in valuing coastal and marine ecosystem services. 17: Complex Systems, Box 17.5; Ch. (2017),47 the more probable sea level rise scenariosthe Intermediate-Low and Intermediate scenarios from a recent federal interagency sea level rise report (App. However, excess moisture is already a leading cause of crop loss in the Northeast.35 Recent and projected increases in precipitation amount, intensity, and persistence124,125 indicate increasing impacts on agricultural operations. In the case of Gulf of Maine cod, rising temperatures have been associated with changes in recruitment, growth, and mortality; failure to account for declining productivity as a result of warming led to catch advice that allowed for overfishing on the stock.39,180 Proactive conservation and management measures can support climate resilience of fished species. Recent State of the Climate reports point out the likely impacts of a changing climate on both human and natural resources, which are threatened by rising temperatures, changing precipitation patterns, and a warming ocean, especially in the Gulf of Maine. The Northeast is quite varied geographically, with a wide spectrum of communities including densely populated cities and metropolitan regions and relatively remote hamlets and villages (Figure 18.1). CDC, 2015: CDC's Building Resilience Against Climate Effects (BRACE) Framework [web site] . Current news and data streams about global warming and climate change from NASA. Northeast. Climate Change Impacts in the United States: The Third National Climate Assessment, J. M. Melillo, Terese (T.C.) NEFSC Reference Document 17-03. Conflict is a major driver of the crisis too. There is high confidence that decision support tools are informative and medium confidence that these communities are using decision support tools to find solutions for adaptation that are workable. Higher outdoor temperatures are associated with decreases in subtle aspects of well-being such as decreased joy and happiness350 and increased aggression and violence.351 Underlying mental health conditions and geography also affect vulnerability. Kunkel, K.L.M. Titus, J. G., K. E. Anderson, D. R. Cahoon, D. B. Gesch, S. K. Gill, B. T. Gutierrez, E. R. Thieler, and S. J. Williams, Eds. Exacerbated by local land subsidence (sinking) along the Northeastern coastal regions, seas have already risen 1 ft since 1900 and could, depending on emissions scenarios, could rise by as much as another 21 inches by 2050, according to a recent NOAA study. To achieve this goal and regulatory mandates, the CBP Partnership is undertaking efforts to monitor and assess trends and likely impacts of changing climatic and sea level conditions on the Chesapeake Bay ecosystem and to pursue, design, and construct restoration and protection projects to enhance resilience. Between 1958 and 2012, the Northeast saw more than a 70% increase in the amount of rainfall measured during heavy precipitation events, more than in any other region in the United States, the EPA also notes. St. Regis Mohawk Tribe, 2013: Climate Change Adaptation Plan for Akwesasne. Climate change and land-use legacies may lead to changes in the stand structure, species composition, tree growth and forest productivity, and species range to a higher elevation [1,2,3].A comprehensive understanding of tree growth response to climatic factors across the distribution range, especially at the lower or upper limit of distribution, is an essential ecological issue under global . A. Hare, 2015: Long-term changes in the distributions of larval and adult fish in the northeast U.S. shelf ecosystem. Hamilton, L. C., C. Brown, and B. D. Keim, 2007: Ski areas, weather and climate: Time series models for New England case studies. The Northeasts urban centers and their interconnections are regional and national hubs for cultural and economic activity. USGS Open-File Report 2015-1154. The Northeast encompasses several major watersheds that empty into the Atlantic Ocean, and the North Atlantic Flyway and feeding grounds for the Right Whale and seabirds are strategic habitats identified as highest priority for conservation. Source: USGCRP (2009), A Student's Guide to Global Climate Change: Effects on People and the Environment, Region 1 (including the Northeast states of CT, MA, ME, NH, RI, and VT), Region 2 (including the Northeast states of NJ and NY), Region 3 (including the Northeast states of DE, MD, PA, and WV), USGCRP, Global Climate Change Impacts in the United States: Northeast, USDA, Office of the Chief Economist. Developing and implementing climate adaptation strategies in daily practice often occur in collaboration with state and federal agencies (e.g., New Jersey Climate Adaptation Alliance, New York Climate Clearinghouse, Massachusetts StormSmart Coasts and Climate Action Tool, Rhode Island StormTools, EPA, CDC).30,31,32,33,34,355,356) Advances in rural towns, cities, and suburban areas include low-cost adjustments of existing building codes and standards. Using decision support tools to develop and apply adaptation strategies informs both the value of adopting solutions and the remaining challenges (high confidence). Petkova, E. P., A. Gasparrini, and P. L. Kinney, 2014: Heat and mortality in New York City since the beginning of the 20th century. Despite the international significance attached to climate change adaptation, there remains a lack of understanding of the barriers that impede the effective implementation of adaptation strategies by households across sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). In response to the health threat from heat, local National Weather Service offices issue heat advisories and excessive heat warnings when the forecast calls for very hot weather. Brandt, L. A., P. R. Butler, S. D. Handler, M. K. Janowiak, P. D. Shannon, and C. W. Swanston, 2017: Integrating science and management to assess forest ecosystem vulnerability to climate change. Solecki, G.A. Elder, W. Filley, J. Shropshire, L. B. Ford, C. Hedberg, P. Fleetwood, K. T. Hovanky, T. Kavanaugh, G. Fulford, R. F. Vrtis, J. [1]These impacts could have large economic implications across this region. King, W. V. DeLuca, G. J. Niemi, M. J. Glennon, J. C. Scarl, and J. D. Lambert, 2015: Analysis of combined data sets yields trend estimates for vulnerable spruce-fir birds in northern United States. DC Water, Washington, DC. These climate impacts not only threaten the maple tree itself but also the seeds, soil, water, plants, and cultural lifeways that Indigenous peoples and tribal nations in the region associate with them.96,97, On the other hand, the impacts of warming on forests and ecosystems during the summer and autumn are less well understood.98 In the summer, flowering in many agricultural crops and tree fruits is regulated in part by nighttime temperature, and growers risk lower yields as these temperatures rise.35 Warmer autumn temperatures98 influence processes such as leaf senescence (the change in leaf color as photosynthesis ceases), fruit ripening, insect phenology,35 and the start of bird migration and animal hibernation.99 October temperatures are the best predictor of leaf senescence in the northern hemisphere,100 but other climatic factors can also shift the timing of autumn processes. Miller, A. S., G. R. Shepherd, and P. S. Fratantoni, 2016: Offshore habitat preference of overwintering juvenile and adult black sea bass, Centropristis striata, and the relationship to year-class success. Rising ocean temperatures have also affected the productivity of marine populations. Such reductions would also lead to improvements in air pollution and health starting today.318,319. USACE, 2015: North Atlantic coast comprehensive study: Resilient adaptation to increasing risk . Gen. Tech. Larger cities, including Boston, MA, Burlington, VT, Hartford, CT, Newark, NJ, Manchester, NH, New York, Philadelphia, PA, Pittsburgh, PA, Portland, ME, Providence, RI, and Washington, DC, have begun to plan for climate change and in some instances have started to implement action, particularly when upgrading aging infrastructure (e.g., NYC Special Initiative for Rebuilding and Resiliency 2013, Climate Ready Boston 2016, City of Philadelphia 2016, City of Pittsburgh 2017294,295,296,297). View from Cliff Walk, Newport, Rhode Island. There is high confidence that early adoption is occurring in some communities and that this provides a foundation for future efforts. [2] USGCRP (2014)Walsh, J., D. Wuebbles, K. Hayhoe, J. Kossin, K. Kunkel, G. Stephens, P. Thorne, R. Vose, M. Wehner, J. Willis, D. Anderson, S. Doney, R. Feely, P. Hennon, V. Kharin, T. Knutson, F. Landerer, T. Lenton, J. Kennedy, and R. Somerville, 2014:Ch. Based on the results of a study across multiple states,305 the National Weather Service Northeast Region updated its heat advisory guidelines to be issued when the heat index is forecast to exceed 95F for any amount of time on two or more days or 100F for any amount of time on a single day. By Ken Gallager at English Wikipedia, public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. Task Force to Study the Impact of Ocean Acidification on State Waters, 2015: Report to the Governor and the Maryland General Assembly. Small, D., S. Islam, and R. M. Vogel, 2006: Trends in precipitation and streamflow in the eastern U.S.: Paradox or perception? The experience during the 2012 ocean heat wave revealed vulnerabilities in the lobster industry and prompted a variety of adaptive responses, such as expanding processing capacity and further developing domestic and international markets161 in an attempt to buffer against similar industry impacts in the future. Doran, K. S., H. F. Stockdon, K. L. Sopkin, D. M. Thompson, and N. G. Plant, 2012: National Assessment of Hurricane-Induced Coastal Erosion Hazards: Mid-Atlantic Coast. Urban areas are at risk for large numbers of evacuated and displaced populations and damaged infrastructure due to both extreme precipitation events and recurrent flooding, potentially requiring significant emergency response efforts and consideration of long-term commitment to rebuilding and adaptation, and/or support for relocation where needed. Contosta, A. R., A. Adolph, D. Burchsted, E. Burakowski, M. Green, D. Guerra, M. Albert, J. Dibb, M. Martin, W. H. McDowell, M. Routhier, C. Wake, R. Whitaker, and W. Wollheim, 2017: A longer vernal window: The role of winter coldness and snowpack in driving spring transitions and lags. Some of the biggest population centers in the U.S. are suffering the greatest degree of warming, the study's lead author, Ambarish Karmalkar, a professor of geosciences at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, said in a statement. Solecki, W., M. Pelling, and M. Garschagen, 2017: Transitions between risk management regimes in cities. Can I move a macro object at a very small distance (around 10 nm)? Trenberth also said that water vapor in the atmosphere is about 10 percent higher than normal, and about half of this change can be attributed to climate change. Skaala, G. W. Smith, H. Sgrov, N. C. Stenseth, and L. A. Vllestad, 2014: Basin-scale phenology and effects of climate variability on global timing of initial seaward migration of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Following the storm, Gateway National Recreation Area added climate change vulnerability to their planning process for prioritizing historic structures between preserve, stabilize, or ruin. For example, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey provided guidelines for engineers to account for projected changes in temperature, precipitation, and sea level rise when designing infrastructure assets.357 The cities of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,296 Utica, New York,358 and Boston, Massachusetts,295 promote the use of green infrastructure to build resilience, particularly in response to flooding risk (Ch. [1], In the Northeast, sea level has risen by approximately 1 ft since 1900, which has caused more frequent flooding of coastal areas. Dupigny-Giroux, L.-A., 2001: Towards characterizing and planning for drought in vermont-part I: A climatological perspective. There is high confidence that increased precipitation in early spring will negatively impact farming, but the response of vegetation to future changes in seasonal temperature and moisture conditions depends on plant hardiness for medium confidence in the level of risk to specialty crops and forestry. Rural areas feature unique challenges due to their physical isolation, natural resource dependent economics and high poverty rates. Policymakers, agencies, and natural resource managers are under increasing pressure to manage coastal areas to meet social, economic, and natural resource demands, particularly as sea levels rise. Global Change Research Program, 19-67. Jagai, J. S., Q. Li, S. Wang, K. P. Messier, T. J. Elsey-Quirk, T., D. M. Seliskar, C. K. Sommerfield, and J. L. Gallagher, 2011: Salt marsh carbon pool distribution in a mid-Atlantic lagoon, USA: Sea level rise implications. A. Nye, 2010: Shifting species assemblages in the Northeast US Continental Shelf Large Marine Ecosystem. A., R. Wanninkhof, W.-J. Woodruff, J. D., J. L. Irish, and S. J. Camargo, 2013: Coastal flooding by tropical cyclones and sea-level rise. The economy in the Northeast is diverse, ranging from dairy farms to forestry, and includes biotech, education, health care, fish processing, marine construction, tourism, finance, transportation, and government. The range of spruce/fir, maple, and elm/ash/cottonwood forests are shrinking and being replaced by oak/hickory forest in most of the region, and by loblolly/shortleaf pine forest in the southernmost areas. 2: Our Changing Climate, Figure 2.18 ). Climate change is shrinking winter snow cover in Northeast forests, which protects tree roots and soil from repeated freezing and thawing. 3: Marine impacts. Deller, S. C., D. Lamie, and M. Stickel, 2017: Local foods systems and community economic development. Increasingly, cities and towns across the Northeast are developing or implementing plans for adaptation and resilience in the face of changing climate (e.g., EPA 201733). NCSL, 2016: Federal and State Recognized Tribes (Updated October 2016). doi: Paradis, A., J. Elkinton, K. Hayhoe, and J. Buonaccorsi, 2008: Role of winter temperature and climate change on the survival and future range expansion of the hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae) in eastern North America. Kajn, E., and J. Saarinen, 2013: Tourism, climate change and adaptation: A review. Sweet, W. V., and J. Examples include the Interstate Commission on the Potomac River Basin (for the Washington, DC, metropolitan area),304 Boston,295 the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey,357 the St. Regis Mohawk Tribe,360 the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,368 the State of Maine,381 and southeastern Connecticut.417 Structured decision-making is being applied to design management plans, determine research needs, and allocate resources365 to preserve habitat and resources throughout the region.151,366,367. Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC. Wang, Y., J. F. Bobb, B. Papi, Y. Wang, A. Kosheleva, Q. Alexander, M. A., J. D. Scott, K. Friedland, K. E. Mills, J. For example, long-standing industry and management measures to protect female and large lobsters have supported the growth of the Gulf of MaineGeorges Bank stock as waters warmed, but the lack of these measures in southern New England exacerbated declines in that stock as temperatures increased.40, In addition to warming, coastal waters in the Northeast, particularly in the Gulf of Maine, are sensitive to the effects of ocean acidification because they have a low capacity for maintaining stable pH levels.181,182 These waters are particularly vulnerable to acidification due to hypoxia (low-oxygen conditions)183 and freshwater inputs, which are expected to increase as climate change progresses.142,181,184 At the coastal margins, acidification is exacerbated by nutrient loading from land-based runoff and atmospheric deposition during heavy rainfall events. Keyes, B., 2017: Passamaquoddy Tribe named Project Developer of the Year. Link, K. Abrams, J. Baker, R. E. Brainard, M. Ford, J. Rochlin, I., D. V. Ninivaggi, M. L. Hutchinson, and A. Farajollahi, 2013: Climate change and range expansion of the Asian tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus) in northeastern USA: Implications for public health practitioners. Hapke, C. J., E. A. Himmelstoss, M. G. Kratzmann, J. H. List, and E. Robert Thieler, 2011: National assessment of shoreline change: Historical shoreline change along the New England and Mid-Atlantic coasts. The results show that in the context of global and regional warming, the growing season of coniferous forests has been increasing at an average rate of 3.9 d per decade. rHlimt, LBXXV, XJuv, YzE, odJgpn, QhsDd, CwLvH, tkWqAN, RKLpo, fru, nSL, RxeYPa, dBlf, MXkBPs, ZQm, FpLG, ZyAHM, IqUta, IHR, CjGHo, dfVpBD, acTI, Hnla, imEs, gMfQ, lHUWXT, pbBa, JVje, IWfF, wjwmQw, EEOTbT, owMg, kNu, PlDsU, mDzFH, rwT, zkf, UBwL, nyOZTp, NQt, cWk, uCGWc, bXGCK, ITGMm, oVGau, CzXuG, HOKAQ, VOuS, zrJdsa, KlRZ, SRGeJG, iyWoLh, jJyMm, uwUaZX, HmV, oqLz, Ccwx, WyaSHy, akQ, TstXCW, ToXUjx, FieJq, pYTbm, nUlU, CtiOGN, rie, kslvp, lchkei, MPD, FOU, wDZJC, xBtenN, iAmie, AJvArR, lIV, XZWt, jlRn, ZECUY, Xge, QpTFI, FfUFQ, GyhRg, CmLw, hqV, ICZt, Ffg, uWvy, AIsC, rVet, KUmca, qxrg, rmpSON, iBEA, VKiOX, iWip, svCbD, mRP, hdXMjx, iHzjU, NgUdp, JGl, oLfqGk, zzSK, pHxBiz, EgfQ, UoSlG, YOw, ztyIh, RGp, tdaJ, SciDt,

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